음이 아닌 실수 A 의 평방근 sqrt(A) 를 구하는 Heron 의 방법:

        반복함수  g(x) = (x + A/x) / 2   를 이용

 

실수 A 의 n제곱근 root(n, A) 를 구하는 Newton-Raphson 의 방법

        반복함수  g(x) = ((n-1)*x + A/(x**(n - 1))) / n    를 이용

n = 2 인 경우에는 Newton-Raphson 의 방법이 Heron 의 방법과 동일하다.

(참조. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method )

 

F# 언어에는 System 모듈에 지수 계산 함수 Math.Pow(double, double) 를 불러서 사용하면 된다. 하지만 차후 필요한 데가 있을 것 같아서 이와 유사한 n 제곱 함수와 n 제곱근 함수를 구현해 보았다.

지수가 정수인 거듭제곱을 계산하는  함수도 nPow(), gPow, mPow() 세 개 구현해 놓았는데, 이들 세 함수는 절차적 언어의 성능상 재귀호출이 아니고 단순 반복 기법을 사용하는 함수이다. 이 세 함수 중 mPow() 의 성능이 가장 우수하다. 큰 지수의 경우 for 반복문의 반복회수를 따져 보면 성능 비교를 할 수 있을 것이다. (성능 비교를 위해 세 가지를 모두 소스에 남겨 두었다.) mPow() 함수는 n 제곱근을 구하는 재귀함수 newtonNthRoot(int, double) 의 구현에 사용되기도 한다. if ... else ... 구문이 많아 소스가 복잡하게 보일지 모르겠으나 이는 밑수나 지수가 음수이거나 0인 경우의 처리를 위함이다. 구현된 모든 함수의 구현에는 예외상황(예를 들어, 음수의 짝수 제곱근 같은 예외상황) 처리 과정이 있다.

 

1. F# 언어는 닷넷을 목표로 하고 닷넷 위에서 동작하는 (절차적 프로그래밍도 지원하는) 함수형 언어이다.

   하지만, 아래의 소스에서는 함수형 언어의 기능은 거의 사용하지 않앗고, 절차적 언어의 기능을 위주로 사용하였다. 하나의 함수를 구현하는데 함수형 기능과 절차적 기능을 섞어서 사용하는 것은 좋지 않은 습관이다.

2. F# 언어는 (Python 언어 처럼 소스에 들여쓰기 규칙을 철저히 지킨다.

3. F# 언어에서는 상수든 변수든 함수든 처음 선언할 때는 구문 선두에 let 예약어를 반드시 붙인다.

     let a = 2.7                // a 상수
     let mutable b = 5.3    // b 는 변수 
     let g x = x*x             // g 는 함수

아래의 소스 첫 부분에

        let MAX_ITER = 20000
        let M_EPSILON = 1.0e-15

라고 선언하였으니, MAX_ITER 와 M_EPSILON 는 상수로 선언되었다.

4. F# 언어에는 return 이라는 예약어가 없다. 그냥 리턴될 값만 수식으로 표현해 놓으면, F# 컴파일러 fsc(또는 F# 인터프리터 fsci)가 리턴될 값을 알아서 인식하고 처리해 준다.

5. 예외상황 처리를 위해 예외 던지기 구문 raise ... 과 예외 받기 구문 try ... with ...을 이용하였다.

 

 (*
 * Filename: testNthRoot.fs
 *
 *            Approximate square roots, cubic roots and n-th roots of a given number.
 *
 * Compile: fsc --codepage:949 testNthRoot.fs
 * Execute: testNthRoot
 *
 * Date: 2013. 1. 7.
 * Copyright (c) 2013 PH Kim  (pkim __AT__ scripts.pe.kr)
 *)

# light

let MAX_ITER = 20000
let M_EPSILON = 1.0e-15


//
// Compute the n-th root of x to a given scale, x > 0.
//
let rec nPow(a: double, n: int) : double =
    if n > 0 then
        if n = 1 then
            a
        else
            if a = 0.0 || a = 1.0 then
                a
            elif a = -1.0 then
                if n % 2 = 1 then
                    -1.0
                else
                    1.0
            elif a < 0.0 then
                if n % 2 = 1 then
                    -nPow(-a, n)
                else
                    nPow(-a, n)
            else
                let mutable y = 1.0
                for i = 1 to n do
                    y <- y * a
                y
    elif n = 0 then
        1.0
    else      //  when n < 0
        if a = 0.0 then
            raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Negative powering exception of zero."))
        else
            if n = -1 then
                1.0/a
            else
               1.0/nPow(a, -n)


//
// Compute the n-th root of x to a given scale, x > 0.
//
let rec gPow(a: double, n: int) : double =
    if n > 0 then
        if n = 1 then
            a
        else
            if a = 0.0 || a = 1.0 then
                a
            elif a = -1.0 then
                if n % 2 = 1 then
                    -1.0
                else
                    1.0
            elif a < 0.0 then
                if n % 2 = 1 then
                    -gPow(-a, n)
                else
                    gPow(-a, n)
            else
                let mutable y = 1.0
                let mutable r = a
                let mutable m = 8*4 - 1            //  8*sizeof(int) - 1;
                let mutable one = 1
                for i = 0 to m do
                    if (n &&& one) = 0 then
                        y <- y * 1.0
                    else
                        y <- y * r
                    r <- r*r
                    one <- (one <<< 1)
                y
    elif n = 0 then
        1.0
    else      //  when n < 0
        if a = 0.0 then
            raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Negative powering exception of zero."))
        else
            if n = -1 then
                1.0/a
            else
                1.0/gPow(a, -n)

 

//
// Compute the n-th root of x to a given scale, x > 0.
//
let rec mPow(a: double, n: int) : double =
    if n > 0 then
        if n = 1 then
            a
        else
            if a = 0.0 || a = 1.0 then
                a
            elif a = -1.0 then
                if n % 2 = 1 then
                    -1.0
                else
                    1.0
            elif a < 0.0 then
                if n % 2 = 1 then
                    -mPow(-a, n)
                else
                    mPow(-a, n)
            else
                let mutable y = 1.0
                let mutable r = a
                let mutable m = n 
                while m > 0 do
                    if (m &&& 0x1) = 1 then
                        y <- y * r
                    r <- r*r
                    m <- (m >>> 1)
                y
    elif n = 0 then
        1.0
    else      //  when n < 0
        if a = 0.0 then
            raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Negative powering exception of zero."))
        else
            if n = -1 then
                1.0/a
            else
                1.0/mPow(a, -n)

 

//
// Compute the square root of x to a given scale, x > 0.
//
let rec heronSqrt(a: double) : double =
    if a < 0.0 then
        raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Cannot find the sqrt of a negative number."))
    elif a = 0.0 || a = 1.0 then
        a
    else
        let mutable x1 = a
        let mutable x2 = (x1 + a/x1)/2.0
        let mutable er = x1 - x2
        let mutable counter = 0
        let mutable not_stop = true
        while x1 + er <> x1 && not_stop do
            x1 <- x2
            x2 <- (x1 + a/x1)/2.0
            er <- x1 - x2
            if abs(er) < abs(M_EPSILON*x1) then
                not_stop <- false
            counter <- counter + 1
            if counter > MAX_ITER then
                not_stop <- false
        if counter >= MAX_ITER then
                raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Inaccurate sqrt exception by too many iterations."))
        x2


//
// Compute the cubic root of x to a given scale, x > 0.
//
let rec newtonCbrt(a: double) : double =
    if a = 0.0 || a = 1.0 || a = -1.0 then
        a
    elif a < 0.0 then
        -newtonCbrt(-a)
    else
        let mutable x1 = a
        let mutable x2 = (2.0*x1 + a/(x1*x1))/3.0
        let mutable er = x1 - x2
        let mutable counter = 0
        let mutable not_stop = true
        while x1 + er <> x1 && not_stop do
            x1 <- x2
            x2 <- (2.0*x1 + a/(x1*x1))/3.0
            er <- x1 - x2
            if abs(er) < abs(M_EPSILON*x1) then
                not_stop <- false
            counter <- counter + 1
            if counter > MAX_ITER then
                not_stop <- false
        if counter >= MAX_ITER then
            raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Inaccurate cbrt exception by too many iterations."))
        x2


//
// Compute the n-th root of x to a given scale, x > 0.
//
let rec newtonNthRoot(n: int, a: double) : double =
    if n = 0 then
        1.0
    elif n = 1 then
        a
    elif n > 0 then
        if a = 0.0 || a = 1.0 then
            a
        elif a = -1.0 then
            if n % 2 = 1 then
                a
            else
                raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Cannot find the even n-th root of a negative number."))
        elif a < 0.0 then
            if n % 2 = 1 then
                -newtonNthRoot(n, -a)
            else
                raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Cannot find the n-th root of a negative number."))
        elif a < 1.0 then
            1.0/newtonNthRoot(n, 1.0/a)
        else
            let mutable x1 = a
            let mutable xn = mPow(x1, n - 1)
            let mutable x2 = ((double n - 1.0)*x1 + a/xn)/(double n)
            let mutable er = x1 - x2
            let mutable counter = 0
            let mutable not_stop = true
            while x1 + er <> x1 && not_stop do
                x1 <- x2
                xn <- mPow(x1, n - 1)
                x2 <- ((double n - 1.0)*x1 + a/xn)/(double n)
                er <- x1 - x2
                if abs(er) < abs(M_EPSILON*x1) then
                    not_stop <- false
                counter <- counter + 1
                if counter > MAX_ITER then
                    not_stop <- false
            if counter >= MAX_ITER then
                raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Inaccurate n-th root  exception by too many iterations."))
            x2
    else
        if a = 0.0 then
            raise (new System.InvalidOperationException("Cannot find the negative n-th root of zero."))
        else
            1.0/newtonNthRoot(-n, a)


 

 

let mutable x = 16.0
let mutable u = System.Math.Sqrt(x)

printfn "[ Testing heronSqrt(double) ]--------------------"
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "u = sqrt(%g) = %g" x u
let mutable y = heronSqrt(x)
printfn "y = heronSqrt(%g) = %g" x y
printfn "y*y = %g" (y*y)
printfn ""

x <- 729000000000.0
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "exp(log(x)/3.0) = %g" (System.Math.Exp (System.Math.Log x)/3.0)
let mutable w = (newtonCbrt x)
printfn "w = newtonCbrt(%g) = %g" x w
printfn "w*w*w = %g"  (w*w*w)
printfn ""

printfn "[ Testing newtonNthRoot(int, double) ]--------------------"
let mutable z = newtonNthRoot(3, x)
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "z = newtonNthRoot(3, %g) = %g" x z
printfn "z*z*z = %g" (z*z*z)
printfn ""

x <- 12960000000000000000.0
z <- newtonNthRoot(4, x)
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "z = newtonNthRoot(4, x) = newtonNthRoot(4, %g) =  %g" x z
printfn "z*z*z*z = %g" (z*z*z*z)
printfn ""

x <- 1.0/12960000000000000000.0
z <- newtonNthRoot(4, x)
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "exp(log(x)/4.0) = %g" (System.Math.Exp (System.Math.Log x)/4.0)
printfn "z = newtonNthRoot(4, x) = newtonNthRoot(4, %g) =  %g" x z
printfn "z*z*z*z = %g" (z*z*z*z)
printfn ""


try
    x <- -4.0
    printfn "[ Test Exception heronSqrt(double) ]--------------------"
    printfn "x = %g" x
    printfn "Calculating heronSqrt(%g)" x
    y <- heronSqrt(x)
    printfn "y = heronSqrt(%g) = %g" x y
    printfn "y*y = %g" (y*y)
    printfn ""
with
    | err -> printfn "%s\nCaught some exception in calculating heronSqrt(%g)" err.Message x
             printfn ""

try
    x <- -4.0
    printfn "[ Test Exception newtonCbrt(double) ]--------------------"
    printfn "x = %g" x
    printfn "Calculating newtonCbrt(%g)" x
    y <- newtonCbrt(x)
    printfn "y = newtonCbrt(%g) = %g" x y
    printfn "y*y*y = %g" (y*y*y)
    printfn ""
with
    | err -> printfn "%s\nCaught some exception in calculating newtonCbrtrt(%g)" err.Message x
             printfn ""


printfn "[ Test calculations by powering ]-----------------------------"
x <- 200.0
z <- newtonNthRoot(10,  x)
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "exp(log(x)/10.0) = %g"  ((System.Math.Exp (System.Math.Log x))/10.0)
printfn "z = newtonNthRoot(10, x) = newtonNthRoot(10, %g) = %g" x z
printfn "z**10.0 = pow(z, 10.0) = %g" (z**10.0)
printfn ""

x <- 3001.0
z <- newtonNthRoot(99, x)
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "exp(log(x)/99.0) = %g" (System.Math.Exp(System.Math.Log(x)/99.0))
printfn "z = newtonNthRoot(99, x) = newtonNthRoot(99, %g) = %g" x z
printfn "z**99.0 = pow(z, 99) = %g" (z**99.0)
printfn ""

x <- 3001.0
z <- newtonNthRoot(-99, x)
printfn "x = %g" x
printfn "exp(log(x)/-99.0) = %g" (System.Math.Exp(System.Math.Log(x)/(-99.0)))
printfn "z = newtonNthRoot(-99, x) = newtonNthRoot(-99, %g) = %g" x z
printfn "1.0/z**99.0 = 1.0/pow(z, 99) = %g" (1.0/z**99.0)
printfn ""

printfn "2.1**2.1 = pow(2.1, 2.1) = %g" (2.1**2.1)
printfn "2.1**(-2.1) = pow(2.1, -2.1) = %g" (2.1**(-2.1))
printfn "2.1**2.1 * 2.1**(-2.1) = pow(2.1, 2.1) * pow(2.1, -2.1) = %g" (2.1**2.1 * 2.1**(-2.1))
printfn "2.1**2.1 = exp(2.1*log(2.1)) = %g" (System.Math.Exp(2.1*System.Math.Log(2.1)))
printfn "2.1**(-2.1) = exp(-2.1*log(2.1)) = %g" (System.Math.Exp(-2.1*System.Math.Log(2.1)))
printfn "2.1**2.1 * 2.1**(-2.1) = exp(2.1*log(2.1)) * exp(-2.1*log(2.1)) = %g"  (2.1**2.1 * 2.1**(-2.1))
printfn ""


let mutable k = 301
x <- -1.029
let mutable t1 = nPow(x, k)
let mutable t2 = gPow(x, k)
let mutable t3 = mPow(x, k)
let mutable tt =  System.Math.Pow(x, double k)
printfn "System.Math.Pow(%g, %d) = %g" x k tt
printfn "t1 = nPow(%g, %d) = %g" x k t1
printfn "t2 = gPow(%g, %d) = %g" x k t2
printfn "t3 = mPow(%g, %d) = %g" x k t3
printfn "t1 / t2 = %g" (t1 / t2)
printfn "t1 - t2 = %g" (t1 - t2)
printf "t1 == t2 ? "
if t1 = t2 then printfn "yes"
           else printfn "no"
printfn "t1 / t3 = %g" (t1 / t3)
printfn "t1 - t3 = %g" (t1 - t3)
printf "t1 == t3 ? "
if t1 = t3 then printfn "yes"
           else printfn "no"
printfn "t2 / t3 = %g" (t2 / t3)
printfn "t2 - t3 = %g" (t2 - t3)
printf "t2 == t3 ? "
if t2 = t3 then printfn "yes"
           else printfn "no"
printfn ""


printfn "Done."

 

(*
Output:
[ Testing heronSqrt(double) ]--------------------
x = 16
u = sqrt(16) = 4
y = heronSqrt(16) = 4
y*y = 16

x = 7.29e+11
exp(log(x)/3.0) = 2.43e+11
w = newtonCbrt(7.29e+11) = 9000
w*w*w = 7.29e+11

[ Testing newtonNthRoot(int, double) ]--------------------
x = 7.29e+11
z = newtonNthRoot(3, 7.29e+11) = 9000
z*z*z = 7.29e+11

x = 1.296e+19
z = newtonNthRoot(4, x) = newtonNthRoot(4, 1.296e+19) =  60000
z*z*z*z = 1.296e+19

x = 7.71605e-20
exp(log(x)/4.0) = 1.92901e-20
z = newtonNthRoot(4, x) = newtonNthRoot(4, 7.71605e-20) =  1.66667e-05
z*z*z*z = 7.71605e-20

[ Test Exception heronSqrt(double) ]--------------------
x = -4
Calculating heronSqrt(-4)
Cannot find the sqrt of a negative number.
Caught some exception in calculating heronSqrt(-4)

[ Test Exception newtonCbrt(double) ]--------------------
x = -4
Calculating newtonCbrt(-4)
y = newtonCbrt(-4) = -1.5874
y*y*y = -4

[ Test calculations by powering ]-----------------------------
x = 200
exp(log(x)/10.0) = 20
z = newtonNthRoot(10, x) = newtonNthRoot(10, 200) = 1.69865
z**10.0 = pow(z, 10.0) = 200

x = 3001
exp(log(x)/99.0) = 1.08424
z = newtonNthRoot(99, x) = newtonNthRoot(99, 3001) = 1.08424
z**99.0 = pow(z, 99) = 3001

x = 3001
exp(log(x)/-99.0) = 0.922308
z = newtonNthRoot(-99, x) = newtonNthRoot(-99, 3001) = 0.922308
1.0/z**99.0 = 1.0/pow(z, 99) = 3001

2.1**2.1 = pow(2.1, 2.1) = 4.74964
2.1**(-2.1) = pow(2.1, -2.1) = 0.210542
2.1**2.1 * 2.1**(-2.1) = pow(2.1, 2.1) * pow(2.1, -2.1) = 1
2.1**2.1 = exp(2.1*log(2.1)) = 4.74964
2.1**(-2.1) = exp(-2.1*log(2.1)) = 0.210542
2.1**2.1 * 2.1**(-2.1) = exp(2.1*log(2.1)) * exp(-2.1*log(2.1)) = 1

System.Math.Pow(-1.029, 301) = -5457.93
t1 = nPow(-1.029, 301) = -5457.93
t2 = gPow(-1.029, 301) = -5457.93
t3 = mPow(-1.029, 301) = -5457.93
t1 / t2 = 1
t1 - t2 = 6.18456e-11
t1 == t2 ? no
t1 / t3 = 1
t1 - t3 = 6.18456e-11
t1 == t3 ? no
t2 / t3 = 1
t2 - t3 = 0
t2 == t3 ? yes

Done.
*)

 

 

 

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